Abstract
Proper hygiene practices among food vendors are crucial in ensuring food safety and preventing foodborne illnesses. Although food vendors play a critical role in the food supply chain, foodborne illnesses and food contamination can result from inadequate hygiene practices. This study aimed to assess the food safety awareness and hygiene practices of street vendors in Digos City. Eventually, data was collected from 150 randomly selected food vendors, and answered the adopted questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale. The study used a descriptive-comparative research design to determine the awareness level of food vendors on food safety and proper hygiene. Based on the findings, the level of awareness on food safety is high. It indicates that food safety standards are consistently upheld across food vendors. While, the level of food hygiene among food vendors was described as high, thus, this indicates that the food hygiene among food vendors is well practiced and relatively evident. Findings also revealed that there was a significant difference between food safety awareness and proper hygiene practices among vendors when analyzed by profile. Hence, the study suggests that improving food safety and hygiene standards in Digos City can lead to a reduction in foodborne diseases and overall public health by implementing food safety training for vendors and must undergo regular inspections of city health office.
Keywords:
food safety, hygiene practices, food vendor
-->References:
1) Adesokan, H. K., Akinseye, V. O., & Adesokan, G. A. (2015). Food Safety Training is Associated with Improved Knowledge and Behaviours among Foodservice Establishments’ Workers. International Journal of Food Science, 2015, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/3287612) Afolaranmi, T., Hassan, Z., Bello, D., Tagurum, Y., Miner, C., Zoakah, A., & Ogbonna, C. (2014). Training: A vital tool for improving the knowledge and practice of food safety and hygiene among food handlers in boarding secondary schools in Plateau State. Journal of Medicine in the Tropics, 16(2), 87. https://doi.org/10.4103/2276-7096.139061
3) Akabanda, F., Hlortsi, E. H., & Owusu-Kwarteng, J. (2023). Food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices of institutional food-handlers in Ghana. BMC Public Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016- 3986-9
4) Alamneh, A. A., Ketema, D. B., Simieneh, M. M., Wubie, M., Lamore, Y., Tessema, M. T., Abebaw, A., Asmare, B., Alemu, T., Teym, A., & Amsalu, M. (2022). Food hygiene practice and its associated factors among food handlers working in food establishments during the COVID-19 pandemic in East Gojjam and West Gojjam Zones, North West Ethiopia. SAGE Open Medicine, 10, 205031212210810. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121221081070
5) Ali, M. T., Mahmud, S., Mohsin, M., Mian, A. U., Islam, A., & Ahmed, F. F. (2023). Knowledge, attitude, and practices toward food safety among students in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional web-based study. Heliyon, 9(4), e14762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14762
6) AlHazmi, H. (2021). Food safety knowledge and hygiene practices among food vendors of street food trucks. Pharmacophore. https://pharmacophorejournalcom/article/food-safety-knowledge-andhygiene-practices-amongfoodvendors-of-street-food-trucks wsrvqtt9swqfcky
7) Anderson, A. L., Verrill, L. A., & Sahyoun, N. R. (2011). Food Safety Perceptions and Practices of Older Adults. Public Health Reports, 126(2), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491112600213
8) Azanaw, J., Gebrehiwot, M., & Dagne, H. (2019). Factors associated with food safety practices among food handlers: facility-based cross-sectional study. BMC Research Notes, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4702-5
9) Benitez, V. O., & Olmogues, A. J. (2021). Food safety practices among street food vendors in Dipolog City. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(eISSN: 2799-0664). https://www.ijams- bbp.net/wp- content/uploads/2021/11/IJAMS-OCTOBER-12-23.pdf
10) BIHAG, R., BITOON, M., OTTO, R., & PAQUERA, A. (2021). Food Safety Practices Among Restaurants in Municipality of Buenavista, Agusan del Norte. SMCC
11) Higher Education Research Journal, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.18868/hrm-v2-a6 Brown, L. G., Selman, C., & Radke, V. (2006, January). Food Worker HandwashingPractices: An EHS-Net Observation Study. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238709580_Food_Worker_Handw ashing_Practices_An_EHS-Net_Oabservation_Study
12) Bornea, J., Samar, Cabriadas, & Pagunsan. (2019). Food Sanitation Practices in a Private Education Institution. OSF Preprints. https://osf.io/69mkq/download
13) Clayton, D. A., Griffith, C. J., Price, P., & Peters, A. C. (2002). Food handlers’ beliefs and self-reported practices. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 12(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120120110031
14) Corigliano, M. (2021, July 26). Human Error: Food Safety Threat to Restaurant Industry. Easy Food Handlers. https://easyfoodhandlers.com/human-errorthe- greatest-food-safety-threat-to-restaurant-industry/
15) Creswell, J., & Guetterman, T. (2018, February). (PDF) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research 6thEdition.
16) ResearchGate.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324451568_Educational_Research_Planning_Conducting_and_Evaluating_Quantitativea nd_Qualitative_Research_ 6th_Edition
17) Department of Health (DOH). (n.d.). Food Safety. Department of Health website. Retrieved February 16, 2023, fromhttps://doh.gov.ph/Health-Advisory/FoodSafety#:~:text=Food%20Safety%20is%20the%20assurance
18) Gador, S. M. (2021). Food safety knowledge and handling practices of food handlers in food establishments in Siquijor, Philippines. International Journal of Social ScienceResearch,3(4),168182.https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijssr/ar ticle/view/16700?fbclid=IwAR3TWWl3Xn11_adCohftxMuS3O3Lwy-_MUkY_muF0SVrMot4zuVyortkBIA
19) Gizaw, Z. (2019). Public Health Risks Related to Food Safety Issues in the Food market: a Systematic Literature Review. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0825-5
20) Government of Canada, S. C. (2021, September 2). 3.2.2 Probability sampling.Www150.Statcan.gc.ca. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/powerpouvoir/ch13/prob/5214899eng.htm?fbclid=IwAR2X2WkafiA9tAOWIZEbTX9Ab7LuAoBoDLf5tTQ3BZjxvHq8afDGpYFDl8
21) Hassan, J. K., & Fweja, L. W. T. (2020). Food hygienic practices and safety measures among street food vendors in Zanzibar Urban District. EFood,1(4),332-338. https://doi.org/10.2991/efood.k.200619.001
22) Huynh-Van, B., Vuong-Thao, V., Huynh-Thi-Thanh, T., Dang-Xuan, S.,Huynh-Van, T., Tran-To, L., Nguyen-Thi-Thao, N., Huynh-Bach, C., & Nguyen-Viet, H. (2022). Factors associated with food safety compliance among street food vendors in Can Tho city, Vietnam: Implications for intervention activity design and implementation. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889- 022-12497-2
23) Jaiswal, A. (2019, February). Evaluating food safety knowledge and practices among foodservice staff in Al Madinah hospitals, Saudi Arabia.
24) ResearchGate. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from www.researchgate.net/publication/330943569_Evaluating_Food_Safety_Kn owedge_and_Practices_among_Foodservice_Staff_in_Al_Madinah_Hospital s_Sa udi_Arabia
25) Jevšnik, M., Kirbiš, A., Vadnjal, S., Jamnikar-Ciglenečki, U., Ovca, A., & Kavčič, M. (2023). Food safety knowledge among professional food handlers in Slovenia: The results of a nation-wide survey. Foods, 12(14), 2735–2735. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12142735
26) Kamboj, S., Gupta, N., Bandral, J., Gandotra, G., & Anjum, N. (2020, March). (PDF) Food safety and hygiene:A review. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339877534_Food_safety_and_hygi ene_A_review
27) Khuluse, D., & Deen, A. (2020). Hygiene and safety practices of food vendors. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 9(4), 597– 611.https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-39
28) Kibret, M., & Abera, B. (2022). The sanitary conditions of food service establishments and food safety knowledge and practices of food handlers in Bahir Dar town.
29) Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 22(1), 27–35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22984329/
30) Letuka, P., & Nkhebenyane, J. (2021, May 3). (PDF) Assessment of Food Safety Knowledge%2C Attitudes and Practices among.Bing.https://www.bing.com/search?q=(PDF)+Assessment+of+Food+Safety+Knowledge%2C+Attitudes+and+Practices+among&cvid=5421d24d83cf4a10a0449738c6c04dfc&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQRRg80gEIMT EyN2owajmoAgCwAgA&FORM=ANAB01&PC=NMTS
31) Limon, M. R. (2021). Food safety practices of food handlers at home engaged in online food businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines.
32) Current Research in Food Science, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2021.01.001
33) Lyons, J. (2019, August 15). 10 ways to ensure food safety. https://www.rentokil.com/blog/food-safety/10-ways-ensure-food- safety?fbclid=IwAR1Ek0ggnMvzuwZF129jpG1XqIMY_BTTcWMFCshYDvy0 _ kjCigxnBby_Es
34) McLauchlin, J., Grant, K. A., & Little, C. L. (2006). Food-borne botulism in the United Kingdom. Journal of Public Health, 28(4), 337–342. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdl053
35) Ma, L., Chen, H., Yan, H., Wu, L., & Zhang, W. (2019). Food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of street food vendors and consumers in Handan, a third-tier city in China. BMC Public
36) Health,19(1).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7475-9
37) Menon (2018). Food Sanitaion Practices in a Private Education Institution: Insights from Home Economics Students. Retrieved from: https://edarxiv.org/69mkq/
38) Monney, I., Agyei, D., & Owusu, W. (2013). Hygienic Practices among Food Vendors in Educational Institutions in Ghana: The Case of Konongo. Foods, 2(3), 282– 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods2030282
39) Moscare-Balanquit, D. L. (2021). Safe Food Preparation Practices of Food Establishments in Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines: A Qualitative Study.
40) Bhandari, P., & Nikolopoulou, K. (2020, July 3). What Is a Likert Scale? | Guide & Examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/likert- scale/?fbclid=IwAR2lmb1Yy8sB5KSP5y5eJ4wQ5Vf7rkVuB9WIGId9Ob djM3Jey1IzTcobdQ0
41) Official Gazette. (2015, February 20). Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 10611 | GOVPH. Official Gazette of the Republic of thePhilippines.https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/02/20/implementingrules-and regulations-of-republic-act-no-10611/
42) Osaili, T. M., Al-Nabulsi, A. A., & Al-Jaberi, T. M. (2022). Food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices among female food handlers engaged in home-based online food businesses in Jordan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon, 8(8), e10427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10427
43) Pilamala Rosales, A., Linnemann, A. R., & Luning, P. A. (2022). Food safety knowledge, self-reported hygiene practices, and street food vendors’ perceptions of current hygiene facilities and services - An Ecuadorean case.FoodControl,144,109377.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.10937 7
44) Poot, J. J., Enriquez, S. A., Ignacio, J. C., & Rolle, A. (2022, March). Research Publish Journals. Www.researchpublish.com.https://www.researchpublish.com/upload/book/The%20Effectiveness% 20of%20the%20Food-18022022-2.pdf
45) QuestionPro. (2018, August 14). Rating Scale: Definition, Survey Question Types and Examples QuestionPro. QuestionPro. https://www.questionpro.com/blog/rating-scale/
46) Relyn C. Bihag, Miezel R. Bitoon, Rosemarie D. Otto, & Angeli Rendon- Paquera. (2021). Food Safety Practices Among Restaurants in Municipality of Buenavista, Agusan del Norte. SMCC Higher Education Research Journal (Hotel and Restaurant Management Journal), 2(1),11.https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=16574&fbclid=IwAR30YOfK6D- aMdOmsrvpIxTCDcWY01fLDTMCYxsihtmYXpTbFhvtRlnoBiU
47) Ruby, G., Ungku, F., Lihan, S., & Nuzul, J. (2018, December). A cross sectional study on food safety knowledge among adult consumers.
48) ResearchGate.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330027493_A_cros_sectional_studyon_food_safety_knowledge_among_adult_consumers
49) Stratev, D., Odeyemi, O. A., Pavlov, A., Kyuchukova, R., Fatehi, F., & Bamidele, F. A. (2018). Food safety knowledge and hygiene practices among veterinary medicine students at Trakia University, Bulgaria. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 10(6), 778–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.12.001
50) Solon, J. J. C. (2022). Food safety practices among street food vendors in the Twin Cities of Zamboanga Del Norte. International Journal of Multidisciplinary:
51) Applied Business and Education Research, 3(7), 1–1. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=18017
52) Taha, S., Osaili, T. M., Saddal, N. K., Al-Nabulsi, A. A., Ayyash, M. M., & Obaid,R. S. (2020). Food safety knowledge among food handlers in food service establishments in United Arab Emirates. Food Control, 110, 106968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106968
53) Tuglo, L. S., Agordoh, P. D., Tekpor, D., Pan, Z., Agbanyo, G., & Chu, M. (2021).Food safety knowledge, attitude, and hygiene practices of streetcooked food handlers in North Dayi District, Ghana. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-021-00975-9
54) Wandolo, M. (2016). FOOD SAFETY AND HYGIENE PRACTICES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SELECTED TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING AND UNIVERSITY HOSPITALITY SCHOOLS IN KENYA A RESEARCH THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY https://irlibrary.ku.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/12345678 9 /15055/Food%20safety%20and%20hygiene%20practices%20a%20comparative%20study%20of%20selected.pdf?sequence=1
55) World Health Organization. (2018, February 22). Food safety. Www.who.int. https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/food-safety
56) World Health Organization (WHO). (2022, May 19). Food safety. Who.int; World Health Organization: WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/food safety
57) World Health Organization. (2022). Towards stronger food safety systems and globalcooperation. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/363475/978924 005768 5-eng.pdf?sequence=1
58) Yu, H., Ma, J., Liu, P., & Sirsat, S. A. (2020). Investigating the effects of explanatory- based food safety training: A model of domain knowledge theory perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91, 102688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102688
59) Yusuf, T., Peter, M., & Chege. (2019). Awareness of Food Hygiene Practices and Practices among Street Food Vendors in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (Www.ijhsr.org), 9(7), 227. https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR_Vol.9_Issue.7_July2019/35.pdf
60) Yusof, A. M., Haque, M., & Rahman, N. A. (2018). Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward food poisoning among food handlers and dietetic students in a public university in Malaysia. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 10(4), 232. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_141