Abstract

Trade plays a significant role in human history, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas across cultures, especially language, which is vital for communication, negotiation, and understanding. This paper examined the Tagakaulo language and its role in trade from a phenomenological perspective. The study used a qualitative-phenomenological research design and an in-depth interview (IDI), and it was analyzed using Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenological data analysis. A thematic analysis was used to explore the Tagakaulo language and its role in trade from a phenomenological perspective. The themes that emerged from challenges experienced during the trade of products were Marginalization, Cultural Differences, Lack of Representation, Cultural Preservation, and Language. Cultural Preservation (Language Preservation), Cultural Promotion, and Assimilation emerged from coping mechanisms in navigating trade issues and concerns. Aspects of native language to emphasize mitigating challenges emerged themes of Vocabulary for Trade, Tagakaulo Language Awareness and Utilization, and Trade Etiquette. Future research could further study long-term trade effects on the Tagakaulo dialect and cultures, focusing on language preservation, revitalization through cultural promotion, and the impact of tourism on language documentation, effective trade negotiation strategies on language preferences, cross-cultural communication in trade, and representation of Indigenous voices in trade.

Keywords:

trade, Tagakaulo language, culture, marginalization, cultural differences, cultural heritage and deterioration.

References:

1) Adanlawo, E. F., Reddy, M. M., & Rugbeer, H. (2021). Intercultural business communication: The implications of language barriers. Psychology and Education Journal, 58(5), 6281-6290.

2) Alejan, J. A., Ayop, J. I. E., Alojado, J. B., Abatayo, D. P. B., Abacahin, S. K. N., & Bonifacio, R. (2021). Heritage Language Maintenance and Revitalization: Evaluating the Language Endangerment among the Indigenous Languages in Bukidnon, Philippines. Education Resources Information Center (.Gov), 1–15.

3) Almas, N., & Mazhar, S. (2024). The Assimilation of the Native Indians by the Colonizers in the United States with Special Reference to Their Languages. Remittances Review, 9(1), 1869-1896.Baldauf, R. B. (2005). Chapter 14. Micro Language Planning. Directions in Applied Linguistics, 227–239. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853598500-020

4) Aririguzoh, S. (2022). Communication competencies, culture and sdgs: Effective processes to cross-cultural communication. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01109-4

5) Biana, H. T., Jabar, M. A., Yabut, H. J., & Regadio, C. Q. (2016). Teaching Philippine Indigenous Cultures: Modules for Higher Education Institutions. Social Development Research Center, De La Salle University Manila.

6) Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. (2015). Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. Sage Publications.

7) Bonifacio, R. M., Zaman, D. J. M. R., Prantilla-Arambala, M. D., & Zarate, M. S. (2021). Effects of indigenous language conversation skills enhancement program among Bukidnon and Talaandig Youths in the Philippines. Ampersand, 8, 100076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2021.100076

8) Britton, C. (2020). Edouard Glissant Introduction to a Poetics of Diversity (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.

9) Budiyono, S., Pranawa, E., & Yuwono, S. (2021). Language as a Communication Tool, Motivation, Achievement, Negotiation, and Business Professionally. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Riset Bahasa Dan Pengajaran Bahasa (SENARILIP V), 5, 73–78.

10) Camargo, B. A., Winchenbach, A., & Vázquez-Maguirre, M. (2022). Restoring the dignity of Indigenous People: Perspectives on Tourism Employment. Tourism Management Perspectives, 41, 100946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100946

11) Carpenter, K., & Tsykarev, A. (2020). (Indigenous) Language as a human right. UCLA J. Int'l L. Foreign Aff., 24, 49.

12) Carrie, E. (2017). Coulmas, Florian. 2013. sociolinguistics: The Study of Speakers’ choices. Journal of Language and Politics, 15(6), 831–832. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.15.6.12car

13) Chiblow, S., & Meighan, P. J. (2021). Language is land, land is language: The importance of indigenous languages. Human Geography, 15(2), 206–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/19427786211022899

14) Cole, F.-C. (2023). The Wild Tribes of Davao District, Mindanao, Volume 12, Issue 2. Legare Street Press.

15) Coxhead, A., Parkinson, J., & Tu’amoheloa, F. (2020). Using Talanoa to develop bilingual word lists of technical vocabulary in the trades. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(5), 513–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1374329

16) Crossman, A. (2020, February 2). What is qualitative research?. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/qualitative-research-methods-3026555

17) Doyo, M. C. P. (2011, May 26). Cool School for IP Students. INQUIRER.net. https://opinion.inquirer.net/5444/cool-school-for-ip-students

18) Ergashev, I., & Farxodjonova, N. (2020). Integration of national culture in the process of globalization. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(02), 477–479. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.02.90

19) Estrada, A., Garber, P. A., Gouveia, S., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Ascensão, F., Fuentes, A., Garnett, S. T., Shaffer, C., Bicca-Marques, J., Fa, J. E., Hockings, K., Shanee, S., Johnson, S., Shepard, G. H., Shanee, N., Golden, C. D., Cárdenas-Navarrete, A., Levey, D. R., Boonratana, R., … Volampeno, S. (2022). Global importance of indigenous peoples, their lands, and knowledge systems for saving the world’s primates from extinction. Science Advances, 8(32). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn2927

20) Farooq, M. S., Uzair-Ul-Hassan, M., & Wahid, S. (2020). Opinion of second language learners about writing difficulties in English language. South Asian Studies, 27(1).

21) Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Lepofsky, D., Lertzman, K., Armstrong, C. G., Brondizio, E. S., Gavin, M. C., Lyver, P. O., Nicholas, G. P., Pascua, P., Reo, N. J., Reyes-García, V., Turner, N. J., Yletyinen, J., Anderson, E. N., Balée, W., Cariño, J., David-Chavez, D. M., Dunn, C. P., Garnett, S. C., … Vaughan, M. B. (2023). Scientists’ Warning to Humanity on Threats to Indigenous and Local Knowledge Systems. Journal of Ethnobiology, 41(2), 144–169. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.144

22) Figueira, R. R. (2020). Indigenous refugees, vulnerability and cultural erosion: International law of indigenous peoples’ and international refugee law’s possibilities and limits in the protection of indigenous cultural expressions related to traditional land and the native language. Revista de Direito Internacional, 17(3). https://doi.org/10.5102/rdi.v17i3.7224

23) Fishman, J. A. (1991). Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations AF assistance to threatened languages. Multilingual Matters.

24) Flick, U. (2014). An Introduction to Qualitative Research (5th ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.

25) Friendly Borders Staff. (2012, January 9). Disappearing Languages in the Philippines. Friendly Borders. http://www.friendlyborders.org/news/disappearing-languages-in-the-philippines/

26) Gatti, G. (2020). The social disappeared: Genealogy, Global Circulations, and (possible) uses of a category for the bad life. Public Culture, 32(1), 25–43. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-7816281

27) Gumarang, B. K., Mallannao, R. C., & Gumarang, B. K. (2021). Colaizzi’s methods in descriptive phenomenology: Basis of a Filipino novice researcher. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 2(10), 928–933. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.02.10.10

28) Hibbard, M. (2021). Indigenous Planning: From Forced Assimilation to Self-determination. Journal of Planning Literature, 37(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/08854122211026641

29) Hiswara, A., Aziz, A. M., & Pujowati, Y. (2023). Cultural Preservation in a globalized world: Strategies for sustaining heritage. West Science Social and Humanities Studies, 1(03), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.58812/wsshs.v1i03.250

30) Houghton, C., Dowling, M., Meskell, P., Hunter, A., Gardner, H., Conway, A., Treweek, S., Sutcliffe, K., Noyes, J., Devane, D., Nicholas, J. R., & Biesty, L. M. (2020). Factors that impact on recruitment to randomised trials in health care: A qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020(10). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.mr000045.pub2

31) InterQ Research LLC. (2024). What is the ideal sample size in qualitative research?. Greenbook. https://www.greenbook.org/marketing-research/What-is-the-ideal-Sample-Size-in-Qualitative-Research-1022244

32) Jones, R. H. (2020). 1 The rise of the pragmatic web: Implications for rethinking meaning and interaction. Message and Medium, 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110670837-003

33) Khan, M. T., Humayun, A. A., Sajjad, M., & Khan, N. A. (2015). Languages in Danger of Death – And their Relation with Globalization, Business and Economy. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 7(2), 239–254.

34) Khawaja, M. (2021). Consequences and Remedies of Indigenous Language Loss in Canada. Societies, 11(3), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11030089

35) Kukulska-Hulme, A., Giri, R. A., Dawadi, S., Devkota, K. R., & Gaved, M. (2023). Languages and Technologies in Education at School and Outside of School: Perspectives From Young People in Low-resource Countries in Africa and Asia. Frontiers in Communication, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2023.1081155

36) Li, Qing, Han, Y., Li, Z., Wei, D., & Zhang, F. (2020). The influence of cultural exchange on International Trade: An empirical test of confucius institutes based on China and the ‘Belt and Road’ Areas. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 34(1), 1033–1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2020.1819849

37) Li, Qiuxi, Subica, A., Kendra, J., & Ali, S. H. (2023). Tradition or modernization? the dilemma of Chinese indigenous communities. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 29(5), 382–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2023.2193818

38) Malik, M., Aziz, A., Iqbal, Z., & Shahid, A. (2023). Exploring Potential Factors Causing Intercultural Miscommunication Using Chick’s and Xin’s Model. Journal of Policy Research, 9(2), 465–473. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8285452

39) Mamajanova, G., & Yu, R. (2022). LANGUAGE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Экономика и социум, (3-2 (94)), 186-189.

40) Matsaw, S., Hedden-Nicely, D., & Cosens, B. (2020). Cultural Linguistics and T al Linguistics and Treaty Language: A Moderniz eaty Language: A Modernized Appr ed Approach to Interpr o Interpreting T eting Treaty Language t eaty Language to Captur o Capture the T e the Tribe’s Understanding. Uldaho Law, 50(415), 415–446.

41) McIvor, O. (2020). Indigenous language revitalization and Applied Linguistics: Parallel Histories, shared futures? Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 40, 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0267190520000094

42) Metila, R. A., Pradilla, L. A. S., & Williams, A. B. (2016). The challenge of Implementing Mother Tongue Education in Linguistically Diverse Contexts: The Case of the Philippines. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(5), 781–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-016-0310-5

43) Morrow, R., Rodriguez, A., & King, N. (2015). Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological methodology. The Psychologist, 28(8).

44) Murphy, J. R. (2021). Expanding the law’s vocabulary – indigenous-language legislation and multilingual Treaty Interpretation. Griffith Law Review, 30(1), 166–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2021.1895469

45) Murray, S. C. (2022). Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age trade in archaeological perspective: A review of interpretative and empirical developments. Journal of Archaeological Research, 31, 395–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-022-09177-5

46) Ndhlovu, F. (2007). Everyday Forms of Language-based Marginalization in Zimbabwe . The University of Melbourne, 119–134.

47) Neubauer, B. E., Witkop, C. T., & Varpio, L. (2019). How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others. Perspectives on Medical Education, 8(2), 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-019-0509-2

48) Ng, C. S. M., Chai, W., Chan, S. P., & Chung, K. K. H. (2021). Hong Kong preschool teachers’ utilization of culturally responsive teaching to teach Chinese to ethnic minority students: A qualitative exploration. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 42(4), 641–660. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2021.1873102

49) Ong, T. W. (2021). Family language policy, language maintenance and Language Shift: Perspectives from ethnic Chinese single mothers in Malaysia. Issues in Language Studies, 10(1), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.33736/ils.3075.2021

50) Paluga, M. J. D., Millondaga, K. J. I., Cabero, J. D., Ragrario, A. M. M., Galang, R. M., & Sia, C. (2013). Documentation of Philippine Traditional Knowledge and Practices on Health and Development of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library on Health for Selected Ethnolinguistic Groups: The TAGAKAOLO People of Sitio Biao, Sitio Binacalan, and Sitio Lunao in Barangay Pinalpalan; Sitio Kitulali and Sitio Kyasan in Barangay Kilalag; Sitio Malandog and Sitio Kangko in Barangay Dimuluk, Malita, Davao Del Sur .

51) Pine, A., & Turin, M. (2017). Language revitalization. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.8

52) Praveena, K. R., & Sasikumar, S. (2021). Application of Colaizzi’s method of data analysis in Phenomenological Research. Medico Legal Update, 21(2), 914–918. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2800

53) Robinson, H. (2018, June 21). Norman King Becomes the First College Graduate of this Small Indigenous Tribe. USA Today.

54) Roche, G. (2020). Abandoning endangered languages: Ethical loneliness, language oppression, and social justice. American Anthropologist, 122(1), 164–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13372

55) Rogers, N. (2020, November 30). Saving a language, preserving a culture. UNM Newsroom. http://news.unm.edu/news/saving-a-language-preserving-a-culture

56) Ruhanen, L., & Whitford, M. (2021). Indigenous Heritage (1st ed.). Routledge.

57) Rutledge, P. B., & Hogg, J. L. (2020). In‐depth interviews. The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0019

58) Sandelowski, M. (1995). Sample Size in Qualitative Research. Research in Nursing & Health, 18(2), 179–183. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770180211

59) Sargeant, J. (2012). Qualitative research part II: Participants, analysis, and Quality Assurance. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 4(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-11-00307.1

60) Schleiermacher, F., & Bernofsky, S. (2021). The Translation Studies Reader (4th ed.). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

61) Shorey, S., & Ng, E. D. (2022). Examining characteristics of Descriptive Phenomenological Nursing Studies: A scoping review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78(7), 1968–1979. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15244

62) Shosha, G. A. (2012). Employment of Colaizzi’s Strategy in Descriptive Phenomenology: A Reflection of a Researcher. European Scientific Journal, 8(27), 31–43.

63) Siregar, I. (2022). Effective and efficient treatment of regional language preservation strategies in the Nusantara. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies, 4(2), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2022.4.2.3

64) Siregar, I. (2022). Papuan Tabla Language Preservation Strategy. LingLit Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.33258/linglit.v3i1.620

65) Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2020). Cultural Violence and the Destruction of Human Communities: New Theoretical Perspectives (1st ed.). Routledge.

66) Staller, K. M. (2021). Big enough? sampling in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Social Work, 20(4), 897–904. https://doi.org/10.1177/14733250211024516

67) Sunwell, K. (2019). Language Maintenance among Minority Languages with Special Reference to Leya Language of Chief Mukuni, Southern Province. International Journal of Language & Linguistics, 6(2), 70–75. https://doi.org/10.30845/ijll.v6n2p10

68) Symon, G., & Cassell, C. (2012). Qualitative Organizational Research: Core Methods and Current Challenges. SAGE Publications Ltd.

69) UNESCO. (2022). International Decade of Indigenous Languages. Reconciliation. https://www.unimelb.edu.au/reconciliation/resources/international-decade-of-indigenous-languages#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20General%20Assembly,for%20their%20preservation%2C%20revitalization%20and

70) Uzun, G. Ö. (2020). A review of communication, body language and communication conflict. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(9), 2833-2844.

71) Wirihana, L., Welch, A., Williamson, M., Christensen, M., Bakon, S., & Craft, J. (2018). Using Colaizzi’s method of data analysis to explore the experiences of nurse academics teaching on Satellite Campuses. Nurse Researcher, 25(4), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2018.e1516

72) Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. SAGE.

73) Younging, G. (2018). Elements of indigenous style: A guide for writing by and about indigenous peoples. Brush Education.

74) Zhang, H., & Mace, R. (2021). Cultural Extinction in Evolutionary Perspective. Evolutionary Human Sciences, 3. https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2021.25